Warframe Beginner’s Fishing Guide and Tips

Informações básicas

Fishing is a non-combat activity available in Landscapes that allows players to catch fish which can be used as resources for various crafting requirements.

To get started you must first have enough De pé with the associated Landscape’s faction (Ostron in Cetus, Solaris United in Fortuna and Entrati in the Necralisk). You are then able to purchase a Fishing Spear at their fishing supplier (Hai-Luk, The Business, or Daughter respectively). Baits and Dy are also purchasable to aid in fishing.
Do make sure you have your fishing spear with you (equipado) and find a water source, either a lake or ocean will do. Once you buy a Fishing Spear, you can equip it in the Gear Menu through your Arsenal.
Please note that it is not necessary to equip more than one spear as there are multiple types you can purchase (or any baits, dyes, etc.) as all spears and utilities will be selectable through the fishing menu.

Compact Fishing Locations & Biomas

Less detailed but all in one place

• Gara Toht Lake, the large lake directly north of Cetus:
  • Mawfish (Common at day)
  • Charc Eel (Common at day & night)
  • Norg (rare at night, Norg bait)
• Landlocked bodies of water (lagoas) scattered around the plains:
  • Yogwun (Common at day)
  • Khut-Khut (Common at day)
  • Mortus Lungfish (Rare at day, Common at night)
  • Cuthol (Rare at night, Cuthol bait)
• Coastlines of the ocean (far left and right to Cetus gate):
  • Goopolla (Common at day & night)
  • Tralok (Uncommon at day)
  • Sharrac (Dia & Noite, Twilight bait)
  • Karkina (Dia & Noite, Twilight bait)
  • Murkray (Rare at day & night, Murkray bait)
  • Glappid (Rare at night, Glappid bait)
• Em qualquer lugar
  • Bota

• Coolant Reservoir Lake, the large lake directly west of Fortuna:
  • Echowinder (Common in Warm weather)
  • Kriller (Common in Warm weather)
  • Sapcaddy (Common in Cold weather)
  • Longwinder (Rare in Warm weather, Longwinder bait)
• Landlocked bodies of water (lagoas) scattered around Orb Vallis:
  • Eye-Eye (Common in Warm weather)
  • Tink (Common in Cold weather)
  • Brickie (Common in Warm weather)
  • Recaster (Common in Cold weather, Narrow-Spectrum bait)
  • Tromyzon (Rare in Cold weather, Tromyzon bait)
• Caves with active bodies of water found in Orb Vallis:
  • Scrubber (Common in Cold & Warm weather)
  • Mirewinder (Common in Cold & Warm weather)
  • Charamote (Rare in Cold & Warm weather, Charamote bait)
  • Synathid (Rare in Cold & Warm weather, Synathid bait)
• Em qualquer lugar:
  • Crewman’s Boot

Depending on the location and presence of Fass or Vome the players will encounter different species. No entanto, player may be able to collect the baited fish from the non-active being in the cave systems.

If Fass is active, then the players may encounter Vome’s baited fish in caves.

• Superfície
  • Kymaeros (Common beneath Fass and Vome)
  • Cryptosuctus (Common beneath Fass)
  • Lobotriscid (Common beneath Vome)
  • Ostimyr (Uncommon beneath Fass, Fass Residue)
  • Glutinox (Uncommon beneath Vome, Fass Residue)
  • Aquapulmo (Rare beneath Vome, Processed Fass Residue)
  • Flagellocanth (Rare beneath Vome and Fass, Processed Fass Residue)
• Caves
  • Barbisteo (Common beneath Fass)
  • Amniophysi (Common beneath Fass)
  • Vitreospina (Uncommon beneath Fass, Fass Residue)
  • Duroid (Uncommon beneath Vome, Vome Residue)
  • Chondricord (Uncommon beneath Fass and Vome, Vome Residue)
  • Myxostomata (Rare beneath Fass and Vome, Processed Vome Residue)

Fisher Hai-Luk / Disse

Fishing Spears

• Lanzo (*500) – This Spear deals only Impacto dano
  Vantagens:
  Ofertas mais damage to fish with smooth skin
  • Charc Eel
  • Cuthol
  • Goopolla
  • Murkray
  • Sharrac
  • Yogwun

  Desvantagens:
  Deals less damage against other types of fish

  • Karkina
  • Khut-Khut
  • Mawfish
  • Mortus Lungfish

  Cannot Catch some fish in one throw

  • Glappid
  • Norg
  • Tralok

  Damages all Servofish on Orb Vallis, reducing turn-in rewards

• Tulok (*500) – This Spear deals only Punção dano
  Vantagens:
  Ofertas mais damage to fish with armored-plating and carapaces
  • Tralok

  Desvantagens:
  Deals less damage against other types of fish

  • Charc Eel
  • Goopolla
  • Karkina
  • Khut-Khut
  • Mawfish
  • Sharrac
  • Yogwun

  Cannot Catch some fish in one throw

  • Cuthol
  • Glappid
  • Mortus Lungfish
  • Murkray
  • Norg

  Damages all Servofish on Orb Vallis, reducing turn-in rewards

• Peram (*500) – This Spear deals only Barra dano
  Vantagens:
  Ofertas mais damage to fish with tough, scaly hides
  • Glappid
  • Khut-Khut
  • Mawfish
  • Mortus Lungfish
  • Norg

  Desvantagens:
  Deals less damage against other types of fish

  • Charc Eel
  • Goopolla
  • Tralok
  • Yogwun

  Cannot Catch some fish in one throw

  • Cuthol
  • Karkina
  • Murkray
  • Sharrac

  Damages all Servofish on Orb Vallis, reducing turn-in rewards
  Baits

  Names

  Classificação

  De pé

  Peppered Bait

  Neutro

  50

  Twilight Bait

  Offworlder

  100

  Murkray Bait

  Visitante

  200

  Norg Bait

  Trusted

  300

  Cuthol Bait

  Surah

  400

  Glappid Bait

  Kin

  500

  Outro

  Names

  Classificação

  De pé

  Luminous Dye

  Neutro

  100

  Pharoma

  Trusted

  100

The Business / Fortuna

Fishing Spears

• Shockprod (*500) – Standard starting spear to start fishing for Servofish
• Stunna (*5,000) – Can be bought while at rank of Doer, given that you have already purchased the previously mentioned Shockprod Fishing Spear beforehand.
  Vantagens:
  • Emits an electromagnetic pulse that temporarily prevents other servofish from scurrying away after a successful catch, similar to the effects of Pharoma, and also widens the catch zone on the fishing gauge.

  Desvantagens:

  • Using this Spear on other fish other than Servofish will also create an electromagnetic pulse, stunning the fish within the radius. No entanto, you will not be able to retrieve the fish using this method; they must be struck with a Cetus-bought spear.

  Baits

  Names

  Classificação

  De pé

  Broad-Spectrum Bait

  Neutro

  50

  Narrow-Spectrum Bait

  Outworlder

  100

  Kriller Bait

  Outworlder

  100

  Mirewinder Bait

  Rapscallion

  200

  Longwinder Bait

  Rapscallion

  200

  Tromyzon Bait

  Doer

  300

  Charamote Bait

  Doer

  300

  Synathid Bait

  Enseada

  400

Filha / Necralisk

Fishing Spears

• Spari (*500) – A Spear capable of piercing the Infected exocrine in the Cambion Drift, allowing you to catch Cabion Drift fish underwater.
  No Plains of Eidolon, the Spari behaves identically to the Tulok Fishing Spear.
• Ebisu (*5,000) – Similar to the previous Spear, this Spear does not cause Cambion fish to scurry away from missed throws, similar to the effects of Pharoma.
  No Plains of Eidolon, the Ebisu behaves identically to the Lanzo Fishing Spear.

Fish in Deimos’ Cambion Drift can be caught with spears from both Fortuna and Cetus. No entanto, these spears cannot pass thought the ‘exocrine’ though which the infested fish can swim freely.

Baits

PoE Fishing Locations

Boots can be found Anywhere while fishing

Plains of Eidolon Fish (Common Species)

Charc Eel

Discharges electricity from luminous glands along its flanks to stun its prey.

• Bioma: Lago
• Atividade: Day and Night
• Effective Spear: Todos (Lanzo / Ebisu)
• Maximum Weight: 24 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Charc Electroplax
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 25 Médio / 35 Grande / 50

Goopolla

A predatory fish that is attracted to the scent of blood.

• Bioma: Oceano
• Atividade: Day and Night
• Effective Spear: Todos(Lanzo / Ebisu)
• Maximum Weight: 20 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Goopolla Speleen
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 25 Médio / 35 Grande / 50

Khut-Khut

A poisonous fish protected by a hard carapace around its skull.

• Bioma: Pond
• Atividade: Dia
• Effective Spear: Todos (Peram)
• Maximum Weight: 20 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Khut-Khut Venom Sac
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 25 Médio / 35 Grande / 50

Mawfish

Its gaping maw allows it to scoop up smaller fish as it swims by them.

• Bioma: Lago
• Atividade: Day Time
• Effective Spear: Todos (Peram)
• Maximum Weight: 30 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Mawfish Bones
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 25 Médio / 35 Grande / 50

Mortus Lungfish

When predators approach it lies still at the bottom of the sandbanks, disguised as a carcass in hopes of being ignored.

• Bioma: Pond
• Atividade: Day and Night
• Effective Spear: Peram / Lanzo / Ebisu
• Maximum Weight: 40 kg
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Mortus Horn
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 100 Médio / 125 Grande / 200

*The mortus Lungfish may be found during the day, but is far more common at night

Tralok

Forte, predatory fish with eyes that can pierce the darkest shadows.

• Bioma: Oceano
• Atividade: Day Time
• Effective Spear: Tulok / Peram / Spari
• Maximum Weight: 40 kg
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Tralok Eyes
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 100 Médio / 125 Grande / 200

Yogwun

This slow fish meanders through the waters and is often preyed upon by larger predators.

• Bioma: Pond
• Atividade: Day Time
• Effective Spear: Todos (Lanzo / Ebisu)
• Maximum Weight: 32 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Yogwun Stomach
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 25 Médio / 35 Grande / 50

Plains of Eidolon Fish (Baited Species)

Cuthol

A grotesque crustacean that produces a potent, paralyzing toxin from its tentacles.

• Bioma: Pond (hotspot)
• Atividade: Night Time
  Cuthol Bait needed
• Effective Spear: Lanzo / Ebisu
• Maximum Weight: 40 kg
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso: Cuthol Tendrils
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 500 Médio / 625 Grande / 1,000

Glappid

A scavenger that has formed a symbiotic bond with the Seram Beetle which extracts and feeds upon any toxins ingested by the Glappid.

• Bioma: Oceano (hotspot)
• Atividade: Night Time
  Glappid Bait needed
• Effective Spear: Peram
• Maximum Weight: 44 kg
• Raridade: Lendário
• Recurso: Seram Beetle Shell
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 1,200 Médio / 1,500 Grande / 2,000

Karkina

A crustacean that hunts during the twilight hours

• Bioma: Oceano
• Atividade: Day and Night
  Twilight Bait needed
• Effective Spear: Lanzo / Tulok
• Maximum Weight: 32 kg
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Karkina Antenna
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 100 Médio / 125 Grande / 200

Murkray

A cunning hunter that hides within the mud at the bottom of the ocean.

• Bioma: Oceano (hotspot)
• Atividade: Day and Night
  Murkray Bait needed
• Effective Spear: Lanzo / Ebisu
• Maximum Weight: 40 kg
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso: Murkray Liver
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 500 Médio / 625 Grande / 1,000

Norg

Inhabits the shallows and feeds off crabs and other small crustaceans.

• Bioma: Lago (hotspot)
• Atividade: Night Time
  Norg Bait needed
• Effective Spear: Pearm
• Maximum Weight: 40 kg
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso: Norg Brain
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 500 Médio / 625 Grande / 1,000

Sharrac

While rarely venturing from the deepest of the waters of the plains, this predator will prey on unwary Ostrons swimming alone.

• Bioma: Oceano
• Atividade: Day and Night
  Twilight Bait needed
• Effective Spear: Lanzo / Tulok
• Maximum Weight: 40 kg
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Sharrac Teeth
• Standing per Size:
  Pequeno / 100 Médio / 125 Grande / 200

Orb Vallis Fishing Locations

One of the main differences between the Servofish is how the different qualities of fish are identified; while Cetus’ fish are separated into small, médio, and large sizes, the Servofish of the Vallis are sorted between Basic, Adorned and Magnificent models.

Adicionalmente, none of the Vallis species require any bait to spawn, em vez de, any rare fish can potentially be found without luring it, though with greatly diminished chances of appearing.

Exemplos:

• Pond – Top left body of coolant near Temple of Profit
• Lago – Just outside of the Fortuna elevator
• Caverna – Cave to the northwest of Fortuna elevator, slightly north-east of Coolant Reservoir
• Caverna- Cave to the left of spaceport

Orb Vallis Servofish (Corpus Species)

Brickie

Developed to perform remote construction and maintenance routines.

• Bioma: Pond, Rio
• Atividade: Warm Weather
  Broad-Spectrum Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 10.0
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Brickie Muon Battery
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 35 Adorned / 45 Magnífico / 70

Echowinder

Used to record visual data in the aqua systems and transmits the telemetrics to the Research Station.

• Bioma: Lago
• Atividade: Warm Weather
  Broad-Spectrum Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 8.0
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Echowinder Anoscopic Sensor
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 35 Adorned / 45 Magnífico / 70

Eye-Eye

A surveillance drone that monitors any activity that disturbs the water

• Bioma: Pond
• Atividade: Warm Weather
  Narrow-Spectrum Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 10.0
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Eye-Eye Rotoblade
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 45 Adorned / 60 Magnífico / 100

Kriller

Identifies organic threats to Corpus operations in the Aqua Systems and eliminates them.

• Bioma: Lago
• Atividade: Warm Weather
  Kriller Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 12.0
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Kriller Thermal Laser
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 45 Adorned / 60 Magnífico / 100

Longwinder

Repairs leaks and clear blockages within the aqua systems.

• Bioma: Lago (hotspot)
• Atividade: Warm Weather
  Longwinder Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 16.0
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Longwinder Lathe Coagulant
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 200 Adorned / 300 Magnífico / 500

Mirewinder

Surveys the water for impurities.

• Bioma: Caverna
• Atividade: Frio / Warm Weather
  Mirewinder Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 15.0
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Mirewinder Parallel Biode
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 45 Adorned / 60 Magnífico / 100

Recaster

Facilitates long-distance communication between robotics deployed in the aqua systems.

• Bioma: Pond (hotspot)
• Atividade: Cold Weather
  Narrow-spectrum Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 12.0
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Recaster Neural Relay
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 45 Adorned / 60 Magnífico / 100

Sapcaddy

Collects fluid samples in the aqua system for the Research Station.

• Bioma: Lago
• Atividade: Cold Weather
  Broad-spectrum Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 12.0
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Sapcaddy Venedo Case
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 35 Adorned / 45 Magnífico / 70

Scrubber

Analyzes the growth of microbes dwelling in the aqua systems to monitor toxicity levels

• Bioma: Caverna
• Atividade: Frio / Warm Weather
  Broad-spectrum Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 7.0
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Scrubber Exa Brain
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 35 Adorned / 45 Magnífico / 70

Tink

Repairs robotics that have broken down in the aqua systems.

• Bioma: Pond, Rio
• Atividade: Cold Weather
  Broad-spectrum Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 9.0
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Tink Dissipator Coil
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 35 Adorned / 45 Magnífico / 70

Orb Vallis Servofish (Orokin Species / Cru)

Charamote

Its primary function is to reconstruct the bio-material used to regenerate Orokin structures.

• Bioma: Caverna (hotspot)
• Atividade: Frio / Warm Weather (prefers Warm)
  Charamote Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 8.0
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso: Charamote Sagan Module
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 200 Adorned / 300 Magnífico / 500

Synathid

Monitors environmental fluctuations.

• Bioma: Caverna (hotspot)
• Atividade: Frio / Warm Weather (prefers Warm)
  Synathid Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 9.0
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso: Synathid Ecosynth Analyzer
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 600 Adorned / 800 Magnífico / 1,000

Tromyzon

Programmed to break down chemical byproducts leaked into the aqua system.

• Bioma: Pond (hotspot)
• Atividade: Cold Weather
  Tromyzon Bait recommended
• Maximum Point: 8.0
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso: Tromyzon Entroplasma
• Standing per Size:
  Básico / 200 Adorned / 300 Magnífico / 500

Cambion Drift Fishing Locations

These fish live within thick Infested excretions called exocrine that cannot be penetrated by conventional or electric fishing spears. Como tal, the only way to catch these fish with these tools is while they are in the air. No entanto, Infested fishing spears can catch fish while they are in the exocrine.

Depending on the location and presence of Fass or Vome you may encounter different species. No entanto, players may be able to collect the baited fish from the non-active being in the cave systems. If Fass is active, then the players may encounter Vome’s baited fish in caves.

Cambion Draft Fish (Common Species)

Amniophysi

These fish hatch out of translucent pods formed in caverns below the Infested landscape.

• Bioma: Cazve
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
• Maximum Weight: 16 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Fermented Bladder & Waxen Subem Deposit

Barbisteo

As ravenous as the Infestation itself, this fish feeds on the remains of others.

• Bioma: Caverna
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
• Maximum Weight: 16 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Ferment Bladder & Dendrite Blastoma

Chondricord

A triumph of Orokin bio-engineering, these hardy fish have adapted to the Deimos environment and seem oddly resistant to Infestation.

• Bioma: Caverna (hotspot)
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
  Vome Residue recommended
• Maximum Points: 8
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso: Tumbercular Gill System & Spinal Core Section

Cryptosuctus

Formerly Orokin scavengers, these fish succumbed to the Infestation long ago and now greedily feast on floating spores.

• Bioma: Superfície
• Atividade: Fass
• Maximum Weight: 16 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Ferment Bladder & Pustulent Cognitive Nodule

Duroid

A living fossil hearkening back to the Orokin era, this elusive fish hides below the surface of Exocrine pools in the deepest caverns it can find.

• Bioma: Caverna (hotspot)
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
  Vome Residue recommended
• Maximum Points: 8
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Tumbercular Gill System & Biotic Filter

Glutinox

These hefty fish rise by Vome’s light to absorb rare gases, retreating when Fass ascends to devour their smaller kin in their lairs.

• Bioma: Superfície
• Atividade: Vome
  Fass Residue recommended
  Players report to have better spawns at the start of the Vome cycle and in zones with Fass’ remains
• Maximum Points: 16kg
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Ferment Bladder & Sporulate Sac

Kymaeros

The Infestation has suborned these fish to its own purposes, using them as antibodies to repel the non-Infested.

• Bioma: Superfície
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
• Maximum Points: 16 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Ferment Bladder & Saturated Muscle Mass

Lobotriscid

A muscular, three-tailed fish, the Lobotriscid trawls through Exocrine vapor across the surface of Deimos when Vome is dominant.

• Bioma: Superfície
• Atividade: Vome
• Maximum Points: 16 kg
• Raridade: Comum
• Recurso: Ferment Bladder & Parasitic Tethermaw

Ostimyr

Crammed with redundant, mutated internal organs, this pungent fish mingles Orokin and Infested ancestry.

• Bioma: Superfície (hotspot)
• Atividade: Fass
  Fass Residue recommended
• Maximum Points: 8
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Tubercular Gill System, Ferment Bladder & Saturated Muscle Mass

Vitreospina

Whatever higher functions this fish once had have been consumed, leaving it a mere automaton of metal and flesh.

• Bioma: Caverna
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
  Fass Residue recommended
• Maximum Points: 8
• Raridade: Incomum
• Recurso: Dendrite Blastoma, Tubercular Gill System, Ferment Bladder & Spinal Core Section

Cambion Draft Fish (Rare Species)

Aquapulmo

These fish were purposefully contaminated with the infestation as an Entrati ‘experiment’.

• Bioma: Superfície (hotspot)
• Atividade: Vome
  Processed Fass Residue recommended
• Maximum Points: 8
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso:

Flagellocanth

These specimens were originally parasites, breeding inside the wyrm-guts of Fass and scattered across Deimos in the debris of his explosive demise.

• Bioma: Superfície (hotspot) Best spot: ‘The ‘Actuary’s Pride’
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
  Processed Fass Residue recommended
• Maximum Weight: 16 kg
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso:

Myxostomata

This exceptionally rare breed of fish is almost extinct, as its gilded Orokin flesh has a special savor for predators.

• Bioma: Caverna (hotspot)
• Atividade: Fass / Vome
  Processed Vome Residue recommended
• Maximum Points: 8
• Raridade: Cru
• Recurso:

Notas

• Warframes
  • Ivara’s Dashwire ability can create ziplines above the water to get a better spotting view, Contudo, it is not possible to zoom in with the fishing spear while on the zipline. Adicionalmente, you can throw Luminous Dye or fish bait while being balanced on the zipline, as long as you are aiming with the fishing spear at the same time of throwing the dye or bait. No entanto, you still cannot change fishing spears while being on the zipline.
  • Banshee’s Sonar130xWhite.png Sonar ability can be used to highlight the fish with an outline briefly, though they won’t get weak points or appear in minimaps.
  • Limbo will see fish with an entity outline while inside the rift, although the spear will not work since the fish are not inside the rift as well.
  • Oxylus’s Mod Scan Aquatic Lifeforms can highlight fish in the water similar to a Luminous Dye, and can highlight hotspots on the minimap.
• All fish species have Codex entries located in the Objects section, tirando 20 scans to complete their entries.
• Spear type does not influence spawning species, and all currently known species can be caught by any spear, although non-specialized spears will require several hits to catch fish they are not designed for.
• The number of fish caught is affected by both Resource Boosters and a Smeeta Kavat’s double resource buff.
• The base number of fish spawns is affected by a Resource Drop Chance Booster.
• If the player misses the fish, or randomly lobs the spear at the shoreline or underwater ground, há um 3% chance of getting a Boot (Plains of Eidolon) or Crewman’s Boot (Orb Vallis), and when reeled in, a sarcastic banjo tune will play the background. It can be sold for 400 Créditos. The player will not get another boot until 5 minutes have passed.
• The Rarity of a Fish does not necessarily mean how often it is encountered.